history of yogyakarta ===================== the special region of yogyakarta (pronounced: jogjakarta) is affectionately called yogya) an
History of yogyakarta
=====================
The special region of Yogyakarta (pronounced: Jogjakarta) is
affectionately called Yogya) and is located in Central Java. It
consists of five regencies and is one of the 26 provinces in
Indonesia. People have lived in Central Java and Yogya area since over
the centuries ago they have been attracted by the rich soil caused by
the numerous volcanic eruptions. From 9th century the area was
dominated by Hindu and Bhuddist kingdoms that gave rise to the
magnificent temples such as Prambanan, Ratu Boko, Kalasan, Sambisari
and Borobudur.
In early 18th century, the Muslim Mataram Kingdom was ruled by Paku
Buwono II. After he passed away, the kingdom was divided into Surkarta
Hadiningrat kingdom under the rule of Sunan Pakubuwono III and
Nyayogyakarta Hadiningrat under the rule of Sultan Hamengkubuwono I.
After the independence of Indonesia was proclaimed, Sri Sultan
Hamengkubuwono IX and Sri Paku Alam VII launched a statement that the
Kasultanan and Kadipaten (the two royal regions) belonged to
Indonesia. Since then, it has been known as Yogyakarta Special Region
and was given provincial status in 1950 in recognition of its
important role in the fight for independence. In fact, it was the
capital of Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1949.
“Yogya” is one of the principal centers of Javanese culture and is
centered around the sultan's kraton (palace). The city has a distinct,
traditional Javanese character. From 1946 to 1949, it was the capital
of the Indonesian Republic but for now it is the capital of the
special territory of Yogyakarta.
Agriculture
Agricultural produce in the territory includes corn, peanuts, rice,
and soybeans and there are many plantations of cacao, coconuts,
coffee, cotton, kapok, pepper, rubber, tobacco, and vanilla. As well
as harvesting crops farmers raise buffaloes, cows, goats, hogs,
horses, and poultry as their main source of income.
Yogyakarta is often called the main gateway to the center of Java.
There is daily air service from Jakarta, Surabaya and Bali as well as
regular train service and easily reached by road.
Yogyakarta is Java’s premier tourist centre and Indonesia’s most
popular city…it’s easy to see why as apart from its many attractions,
the people are friendly and easy going and the restaurants and hotels
are of international standards.
The city is situated on the south coast of central Java, covers some
3,169 sq. km. and is located about 30 km south of the active volcano
Mount Merapi and is about the same distance inland from the coast.
Through the center of Yogyakarta runs Jalan Malioboro, a bustling
avenue lined with handicraft shops and restaurants. At the center is
the extensive kraton of the sultan, and the royal gardens
Other interesting places in the city are the Sono Budoyo Museum
houses prehistoric artefacts, Hindu-Javanese statues, bronzes and
puppets. Other attractions include the bird market
the dancing school of Prince Tejokusumo
Army Museum.
making. Other local crafts include weaving, silver engraving, and
basketry, all of which can be found at various outlets within the
city.
Most of Yogyakarta's people are Muslims. The main language of the city
and the territory is Javanese.
The people of Yogyakarta take a special interest in traditional
Javanese cultural activities. The favourite pastimes are the wayang
kulit
gamelan.
The main educational institution is the Gajah Mada University. There
is also an Islamic university, the Universitas Islam Indonesia and
Yogyakarta is home to the Library of the Hatta Foundation as well as
having several academies of art for those wishing to visit academic
institutions, this city has much to offer.
Yogyakarta - Yogyakarta, a word which always reminds us of the glory
of the past. Said to be "the heart of Java's heart" or "the soul city
of Java" by people, this place used to be one of the most influential
area in Indonesia, especially Java because of its function in
spreading out a modern civilization. Whatever Yogyakarta is, or its
aims to be, this fascinating city with its surrounding jungles, rice
fields and mountains, lies in the heart of one of Indonesia's most
important ancient empires.
There are many fascinating heritage objects in this area. Developed to
be the second tourism destination in Indonesia, Yogyakarta has been
one of the most completely tourism's accommodation in Indonesia. Just
check and enjoy many exclusive hotels with with great features in this
area after being tired of exlporing the beauty and exotic of
Yogyakarta ....
Often referred to as the biggest village in the world, it is the
cultural heart of Java, a culture that spans many centuries. A
population of over one million people live in Yogyakarta from a total
of four million spread throughout the province. Yogyakarta has the
status of a 'special area' and one of only three in Indonesia - Daerah
Istemewa Yogyakarta or the Special District of Yogyakarta. It has its
own Government and is responsible directly to the Government in
Jakarta and not the Government of Central Java. At one time Yogyakarta
was the capital of Indonesia and also the base for the revolutionary
forces against the Dutch during their occupation of Indonesia. Located
some sixty kilometres from the ocean, Yogya is surrounded by the
Menoreh mountain range and shadowed by the volatile volcano Mount
Merapi. Yogyakarta is a place that has not only the beauty in its
architecture but also in its people and culture.
Yogyakarta or Yogya as it affectionately called by the residents, is a
one-hour flight from Jakarta and a scenic ninety-minute flight from
the neighbouring island of Bali. For me, Yogya is home six months of
the year and has been for the last ten years - Yogya captured my heart
and never released it. It is a city that possesses so much more than
the major tourist attractions of Borobudur, Prambanan temple complex
and the Sultan's Palace. Apart from the backpackers, the tourists in
general only stay in Yogya for three days to see the sights mentioned
and then return to Bali or from where else they came. Yogya is a city
that is 'alive' 24/7 and a city that if you 'look' instead of just
seeing, and 'hear' instead of just listening, will captivate all your
senses.
Yogya has also been called University city because of the numerous
Universities accommodating students from not only all over Indonesia,
but from overseas also. It is a city that oozes knowledge and culture.
The heart of Yogya is Jalan Malioboro (Malioboro Road) so named after
the Duke of Marlborough who visited the beautiful city. Malioboro is a
two-kilometre long one-way street running North to South. It is along
this stretch of road where the hub of Yogyanese trade is to be found.
Street stalls line the street where vendors sell their wares and where
bargaining is a must. Opposite these stalls are the established shops:
Designer clothes, Batik, Antiques, and many more. It is the Malioboro
Mall centrally located on Maliboro that gives comfort from the heat of
the day and also a shopper's delight. The air-conditioned Mall has
numerous facilities ranging from cafes, eateries, shops of every
nature, and even a supermarket on the lower ground floor!. There is
another newer Mall, the Ramai, not far from Malioboro Mall and is
equally impressive but less frequented.
Whenever I return home to Yogya, there is always some place new to
explore, and to experience. The city has a way of becoming a part of
you as you amble along Malioboro. Along this stretch of road is also
situated the Parliament building, the Governor's Office, and further
along as Malioboro joins Jalan Ahmed Yani, is located the Beringharjo
markets, the Presidential Palace and Fort Vredeburg - the stronghold
of the Dutch during the occupation. There is always something
happening in Yogya and this gives it its uniqueness among the cities
of Indonesia. Culturally the city is entrancing. Every corner you turn
reveals a delight. Often visitors will see a sign whose words
symbolise the feelings of the people - 'Yogyakarta Berhati Nyaman',
loosely translated means 'Yogyakarta warms the heart pleasingly and
comfortably'.
Yogyakarta is a pure delight for food lovers. Restaurants abound and
cater for all travellers. Chinese and Javanese food is predominate and
Western food is available for the discerning less adventurous
traveller. Along the streets, food stalls serve the tasteful delights
of the archipelago. The city is famous for its Lesehan food. Late
afternoon, crudely constructed open front tents are erected and by
nightfall, the tempting odours of spicy fresh chicken and fish waft
through the air. Such delights as Nasi Gudeg - Jackfruit cooked in
coconut milk and served with boiled rice and chicken, and Burung Darah
- pigeon cooked to your liking and highly spiced. Usually around 9pm
when the shops generally close and the street vendors cover their
stalls for the night, straw mats are laid out on the pavement where
small tables are placed for the customers to sit and eat the delights
of their choice. These places are great to acquaint yourself with the
friendly locals and be entertained by the wandering minstrels who walk
from place to place. The eating and the conversation goes on into the
early hours of the morning.
It is the Arts and Drama steeped in Javanese culture that is the
essence of Yogyakarta. Drama that is played out in the Ramayana Ballet
with a backdrop of the Hindu complex of Prambanan, the intricate
spell-binding traditional court dances of the Kraton, and the street
theatre performed by the students of the Institute of Arts (ISI). At
least once a week in Yogya there is a Wayang Kulit performance
accompanied by a Gamelan orchestra. The Dalang master, performing the
whole play himself, the language spoken, ancient Javanese. In
Yogyakarta there are numerous art galleries, the majority displaying
local works of art. But it is the mystical haunting music of the
Gamelan that is the heart of ancient classical dance and drama. The
Gamelan orchestra (of which there are many in Yogya) accompanies all
ceremonies, festivals and is the focal part of traditional events.
Yogyakarta is an experience. The city evokes peacefulness, a serenity
and a happiness that lingers in your mind long after you have
departed. The warmth and friendliness of its people create a joyous
harmony as they welcome all travellers. Yogyakarta is the centre of
the Indonesian universe - the core of its culture and its history.
GETTING AROUND: Becaks or bicycle trishaw are the most popular form of
transport but bargain the price before you set off on your journey.
Andong (horse drawn carriages) are also an enjoyable way of seeing
Yogya. The bus system is excellent. Taxis are not so cheap and again
bargaining is required. Motor bikes and bicycles can be hired from
various outlets. But I have found walking to be the best way to get
around - you don't miss anything!.
How to Get to Yogya
The international airports are Jakarta, Solo, Bali and Medan. The
closest gate is Solo. From Solo you may take a public vehicle like a
bus or taxi for about one and half hours (taxi's fare ~ Rp. 50,000),
or by train for about one hour (Rp. 5000).
From Jakarta, as well as from Solo, the most economical vehicle is
train. I suggest use the Dwipangga, Taksaka or Argo Lawu train for Rp.
125,000 (+/- US$20). Train will take you to Yogya in 9 hours while by
Garuda flight takes about one hour.
ACCOMMODATION: Losmens abound from the dirt cheap to reasonably
priced. The main areas for these are in the centre of town on the side
streets off Malioboro in Jalan Sosrowijayan and Jalan Pasar Kembang.
For the less adventurous traveller, hotels are plenty ranging from 3
star to 5 star. The latter, being further out of town. However in the
centre of town on Jalan Malioboro is located the Mutiara Hotel.
Reasonably priced and although a 3 star hotel, it has 5 star service
and ambience.
FOOD: In the Malioboro Mall on the top level is a food hall serving
all the tastes of Indonesia from 21 outlets. Clean and reasonably
priced. Along Malioboro there are numerous restaurants. - Doremei
which serves delicious noodle dishes, Soto Tasik for spicy soups and
the Prambanan Restaurant which serves tasty Sumatran Nasi Padang as
does Andalas. But for the real tastes of Yogyakarta, the street stalls
and the Lesehan tents are superb and clean.
PLACES TO VISIT: The Kraton or Sultan's Palace, the Borobudur
Archaeological Park, the Prambanan Temple Complex and the Water Palace
or Tamin Sari are a must. Not far from there is Pasar Ngasem or bird
market - best viewed with an open mind!. The newly renovated
Sonobudoyo Museum houses ancient Javanese artifacts and Batik, and
near there, the Mesjid Agung - the Grand Mosque. In Yogyakarta there
are several museums all relating to the history and culture of
Yogyakarta and Java itself. There is a smaller Kraton in Yogya called
Paku Alaman that is well worth a visit. The friendly and helpful staff
at theT.I.O (Tourist Information Office) can assist any traveller
regarding the sights and events in Yogyakarta and surroundings. It
also house a small telephone exchange open 24/7.
CLIMATE: The average temperature in Yogyakarta is between 24 C-33 C.
Humidity is fairly high throughout the year. Outdoor clothing should
be generally light, cool, and informal.
FESTIVALS: Sekaten and Gareb Maulud are the two biggest festivals and
centred around the Kraton and the Grand Mosque. The offering ceremony
of Labuhan at Parangtritis is a must see. Waicak - commemorating the
birth, death and ascension of Bhudda - is a magnificent candle-lit
procession from Candi Mendut and Candi Pawon to Borobudur. All year
round, there are festivals occurring in nearby villages and in Yogya
itself. Since the timing of these events is determined by the Javanese
calendar, dates and times of the festivals can be obtained from the
T.I.O. on Jalan Malioboro.
BEWARE: There are pickpockets in Yogya as in most cities in the world.
At the T.I.O, there is the Tourist Police who will assist you with any
trouble you might find yourself in. Demonstrations are an almost daily
occurrence. However, in Yogyakarta they are always peaceful. Even
during the past political events in Indonesia, Yogyakarta has always
been a safe place. The students demonstrate, and then return to their
respective Universities after expressing their point of view. It is a
well-known fact that in the light of recent political events over past
ten years, Yogyakarta has always been a safe place. The people of
Yogya pride themselves in this fact.
Footnote: Coming to terms with the realisation that everything in
Indonesia seems to virtually change on a daily basis - politically or
socially - can in affect be difficult to absorb in its entirety. With
this factor in mind, it is almost imperative to travel with an open
mind and heart. There are those travellers - who for whatever reason -
ignore the unwritten code of ethics when travelling. This within
itself can have a reverse affect upon the manner in which the people
of Indonesia view those who disrespect their customs and beliefs.
(Regarding Tourism - Yogyakarta 2001)
Barrie Lie-Birchall has been travelling around the world since the age
of twelve. For 25 years, he travelled extensively throughout Indonesia
and finally called Yogyakarta in Central Java 'home'. Barrie has
published over 300 travel articles, short stories and poetry.
Currently Barrie lives and writes half of the year in Yogyakarta,
Indonesia, and the other half in Perth, Western Australia.
Copyright Barrie Lie-Birchall 2001
Indonesia
Yogyakarta (Djokjakarta) city
Yogyakarta, also Djokjakarta, city in southwestern Indonesia, on the
island of Java, near the Indian Ocean. Yogyakarta is serviced by the
Jakarta-Surabaya railway line and by a branch line to Semarang. The
region surrounding the city is one of the most fertile areas of Java.
Sugarcane, rice, and tobacco are the leading crops. Points of interest
include Mount Merapi, an active volcano that overlooks the city; an
imposing palace of the sultan of the former principality of
Yogyakarta; the municipal botanical gardens; and a bazaar. The city of
Borobudur, famed for the ruins of a magnificent 9th-century Buddhist
temple, is easily accessible from Yogyakarta. Universitas Gadjah Mada
(1949) and the Islamic University of Indonesia (1945) are here. Before
the Japanese occupation of Java in March 1942 during World War II, the
principality of Yogyakarta was a Dutch protectorate. After the
proclamation of the republic of Indonesia in 1945, the principality
was merged with the republic. The city served as the provisional
national capital until 1950, when it was replaced by Jakarta.
Population (1997 estimate) 477,073.
VÝBĚR VÝRAZŮ VÝRAZ LEGENDA POZNÁMKA AAKJAER DÁNSKÝ BÁSNÍK (1886)
JZU DOM ZDRAVLJA BAR ODSJEK ZA HIGIJENU I
EHR1 REHABILITATION ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW (HUD FORM RER 2011) 
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