evaluation of new nematode resistant rootstocks for table grape producton j. m. hashim-buckey*, d. luvisi and p. l. schrader universit

EVALUATION OF NEW NEMATODE RESISTANT ROOTSTOCKS FOR TABLE GRAPE
PRODUCTON
J. M. Hashim-Buckey*, D. Luvisi and P. L. Schrader
University of California Cooperative Extension, 1031 S. Mt. Vernon
Avenue, Bakersfield, CA 93307, U.S.A
*Corresponding Author, Tel: 1 661 868 6223, Fax: 1 661 868 6208,
Email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Plant parasitic nematodes are the primary root pests of grapevines
grown in warm, table grape growing regions of California and several
species (Meloidogyne spp.) cause significant economic damage (Anwar et
al., 2000; Anwar et al., 2002c). A common management practice to
overcome the damaging effects of nematodes is to use resistant
rootstocks. Prior to selection, rootstocks are subjected to rigorous
tests in which they are screened against a variety of nematode species
and populations (Anwar et al., 2002c). While rootstock resistance is
generally determined from laboratory and greenhouse experiments, it is
difficult to know how they will respond in a field situation.
Furthermore, resistance to one species of nematode does not guarantee
resistance to all other species or to populations of the same species
(Anwar et al., 2002c); and many other nematode species feed on and can
cause serious damage to the root system of grapevines, including the
dagger nematode (Xiphinema index and Xiphinema americanum), the ring
nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax), the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus
semipenetrans), the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus vulnus) and
several other less common species (McKenry et al., 2004).
Moreover, new government mandates to improve air quality in the San
Joaquin Valley may force significant reductions in emissions by soil
fumigants and increase the role that resistant rootstocks play in
vineyard establishment. The questionable availability of effective
fumigants and post-plant nematicides coupled with weak resistance
mechanisms of commonly used rootstocks to some Meloidogyne species
have driven plant breeders and nematologists to focus their efforts on
developing plant materials with broad and durable nematode resistance
(Anwar et al., 2002a,b,c; Walker, 2005). However, once a research
program develops new resistant rootstocks, they must be evaluated for
horticultural characteristics they impart to the scion including vine
vigor, yield, fruit quality and mineral nutrition. These studies were
initiated to evaluate rootstock effects on horticultural
characteristics of table grape cultivars and to follow and document
their performance in the presence of various nematode species and
population levels over time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Vineyard sites and experimental design. Two sites were selected in
Kern County, California to evaluate the field performance of new
nematode resistant rootstocks USDA 10-17A, USDA 10-23B, USDA 6-19B,
RS-2, RS-3, RS-9, 89-1302 and 8913-21 and the conventional rootstocks
Freedom, 1103 Paulsen, Schwarzmann and Ramsey. The studies were
conducted in commercial table grape vineyards and the scion cultivars
examined were Thompson Seedless and Princess. The Thompson Seedless
site was fumigated with methyl bromide (336.8 kg/ha) prior to
establishing the vineyard in 1999. The vines were bilateral cordon
trained with a combination of spurs and short canes, trellised on a
double crossarm system and spaced 2.4 m (between vines) X 3.7 m
(between rows). The soil texture at this site was described as a sandy
loam and the vineyard was drip irrigated. The Princess site was
established in 2002. The soil was not fumigated at this site as the
area was previously non-agricultural rangeland. The vines were drip
irrigated, cane pruned, trained on an open gable trellis system and
spaced 1.8 m (between vines) X 3.7 m (between rows). The soil texture
at this site was described as a fine, sandy loam. Both sites were
established as completely randomized block designs and were
approximately 0.35 hectares in size. Each site consisted of ten
rootstock treatments, five replications and six to nine vines per
replicate.
Sample collection, analyses and statistics. Rootstock effects on
mineral nutrition were determined by petiole sampling at full-bloom
for plant tissue analysis (NO3-N, P, K, Zn, Na, Cl). Berry size and
composition were determined at harvest from 100 berry samples
collected from random clusters on data vines. Fruit yield was
determined by pre-harvest cluster counts and by weighing pre-graded
marketable and cull (inferior) fruit at harvest. Pruning weight
measurements and soil core sample (0- to 60-cm depth) collection for
nematode population analysis were performed during the dormant period.
Four years (2003 to 2006) of data in the Thompson Seedless study and
two years (2004 to 2005) of data in the Princess study were
accumulated and analyzed to assess the performance of rootstocks over
time. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and significant
differences in means were separated using DMRT (SAS Institute Inc.,
Cary, NC).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rootstock effects on vine vigor and fruit yield. Rootstock selections
10-23B and 6-19B significantly reduced scion vigor. Additionally,
6-19B was not suitable for grafting to moderate vigor cultivars due to
poor canopy development and subsequent discoloration of ripening white
fruit. In contrast, vine vigor typically increased when grafted to
1103 Paulsen, Ramsey, Freedom or RS-3. At the Thompson Seedless site,
vines grafted to Freedom and Schwarzmann performed best in terms of
marketable yield, producing on average 2,103 and 2,077 10-kg boxes per
hectare, respectively. 10-23B and 10-17A were superior performers
compared to own root vines and other rootstock treatments in terms of
marketable yield at the Princess site, producing on average 2,751 and
2,497 10-kg boxes per hectare. Princess vines on their own roots and
those grafted to other rootstocks exhibited poor fruit set, early
bunch stem necrosis (EBSN) and significantly reduced yield in 2005.
Cluster number was reduced by ≥ 45% in all rootstock treatments except
for those grafted to 10-23B. Vines grafted to 1103 Paulsen, 6-19 B and
RS-9 were severely affected, with ≥ 75% crop lost due to the disorder.
The only rootstocks resulting in adequate yields in 2005 were 10-23 B
and to a lesser extent 10-17 A, with approximately 18 kg (2,691 10-kg
boxes/ha) and 11 kg (1,645 10-kg boxes/ha) of fruit harvested per vine
respectively. Results of this study suggest rootstock may influence
the incidence of EBSN.
Rootstock effects on mineral nutrition. Nutrition status of the scion
variety was influenced by rootstock selection. Rootstocks which
resulted in higher levels of petiole nitrate-nitrogen values included
Freedom, Ramsey and 6-19B, while own root vines resulted in the lowest
values. Ramsey, 1103 Paulsen, Schwarzmann, RS-2 and RS-3 increased
tissue phosphorus levels while Freedom and 6-19B increased potassium
levels. Sodium and chloride levels were highest in own root vines. Own
root vines typically had the highest zinc values, while vines grafted
to Freedom had generally lower zinc levels.
Rootstock effects on nematode populations. The dagger nematode (X.
americanum) was the primary soil pest at both trial locations. At the
Thompson Seedless site, X. americanum levels began to build following
planting in 1999 and by 2002 the own root vines hosted an average of
312 nematodes per 250 mL3 of soil sampled. The population peaked on
nearly all rootstock treatments (except 10-17A) in 2004 and 2005 and
then decreased to lower numbers in 2006 and 2007. Population densities
of X. americanum were highest on own root vines and lowest on vines
grafted to 10-17A.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the California Table Grape Commission
and the California Grapevine Rootstock Improvement Commission for
funding this study.
REFERENCES
1.
Anwar, S.A. and McKenry, M.V., 2000. Penetration, development and
reproduction of Meloidogyne
arenaria on two new resistant Vitis spp. Nematropica 30, 9-17.
2.
Anwar, S.A. and McKenry, M.V., 2002a. Developmental response of a
resistance-breaking population of Meloidogyne arenaria on Vitis
spp. J. of Nemat., 34, 28-33.
3.
Anwar, S.A. and McKenry, M.V., 2002b. Penetration and development
of Meloidogyne arenaria on two new grape rootstocks. J. of Nemat.
34, 143-145.
4.
Anwar, S.A. McKenry, M.V. and Ramming, D., 2002c. A search for
more durable grape rootstock
resistance to root-knot nematode. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 53, 19-23.
5.
McKenry, M.V., D., Anwar, S.A., Schrader, P and Kaku, S., 2004.
Eight-year nematode study from
uniformly designed rootstock trials in fifteen table grape vineyards.
Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 53, 19-23.
6.
Walker, A. Moving forward with new table grape rootstocks. In:
Proc. of the SJV Table Grape
Seminar. Feb., 2005.

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