Document A Textbook Account 2018 (Excerpted) In The Late

document a: textbook account, 2018 (excerpted) in the late 1300s, the inca were only a small community in the area of cuzco, a city located

Document A: Textbook Account, 2018 (Excerpted)
In the late 1300s, the Inca were only a small community in the area of
Cuzco, a city located at 11,000 feet in the mountains of southern
Peru. In the 1440s, however, under the leadership of the ruler
Pachacuti, the Inca launched a campaign of conquest that eventually
brought the entire region under Inca control. . . .
Pachacuti and his immediate successors, Topa Inca Yupanqui and Huayna
Capac Inca— Inca means “ruler”—extended the boundaries of the Inca
Empire as far as Ecuador, central Chile, and the edge of the Amazon
basin. The empire included perhaps 12 million people.
The Inca state was built on war. All young men were required to serve
in the Inca army. With some 200,000 members, the army was the largest
and best armed in the region. . . .
After an area was placed under Inca control, the local inhabitants
were instructed in the Quechua language. Control of new territories
was carefully regulated. A noble of high rank was sent to govern the
new region. Local leaders could keep their posts as long as they were
loyal to the Inca ruler. To encourage loyalty, the children of local
leaders were taken as hostages to the Inca capital, where they were
educated in Inca ways before returning home. . . .
Forced labor was another important feature of the state. All Inca
subjects were responsible for labor service, usually for several weeks
each year. Laborers, often with their entire communities, were moved
according to need from one part of the country to another to take part
in building projects.
Source: Spielvogel, Jackson J., and Jay McTighe, 2018. World History
and Geography.

Vocabulary
hostage: a person held captive

Document B: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, 1572 (Modified)
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa was a Spanish sea captain and royal
scientist. The following excerpt is from his book The History of the
Incas, completed in 1572. Sarmiento wrote this book in Cusco on orders
of the Spanish viceroy of Peru, near the end of the Spanish Conquest
of the Inca Empire. The Inca preserved their history through oral
histories and quipus. Sarmiento carefully collected the data for his
book by interviewing the surviving Inca nobility about their history.
He wrote his account to argue that the Inca were not the rightful
rulers of the Andes and that instead the Spanish were.

THE NATIONS THAT PACHACUTI INCA DESTROYED AND THE TOWNS HE ATTACKED;
FIRST, TOCAY CAPAC, THE RULER OF THE AYAMARCAS
Near the Cusco Valley is a nation of Indians called Ayarmacas who had
a proud and wealthy ruler named Tocay Capac. Neither he nor the
Ayarmacas wanted to pay homage to the Inca. Instead, they sought to
ready their weapons against the Inca, in case they decided to turn
against them. Knowing this, Pachacuti called an assembly of his people
and their families. He combined them into one body so that once
together no one could or would fight against them. They decided to
join together and leave to conquer all the nations of the kingdom, and
those who did not give in to them or serve them of their own free will
they would utterly destroy. And they decided that before anything else
they should go against Tocay Capac, the ruler of the Ayarmacas, who
was powerful and had not come to pay homage to the Inca. And with the
warriors thus gathered, they went against the Ayarmacas and their
ruler , and they fought each other in Guanancancha. Pachacuti defeated
them, and he destroyed the towns and killed almost all of the
Ayarmacas. He brought Tocay Capac as a captive to Cusco and kept him
in prison until his death.
Source: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, The History of the Incas, 1572.

Vocabulary
quipu: knotted strings used to store information
viceroy: an official who rules a colony on behalf of a monarch
pay homage: show respect to an authority

Document C: Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, 1615 (Modified)
The following are excerpts from Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala’s book The
First New Chronicle and Good Government. Guamán Poma came from a noble
Inca family in Peru. He hoped his history of the Incas and of the
Spanish conquest would convince the king of Spain to make reforms in
Peru. It’s unknown whether his book ever reached the king, but it
serves as an invaluable source about life in the Andes.
Excerpt 1 is an illustration of the celebrations of the people of the
Collasuyo (southern) quarter of the Inca Empire. The Inca held monthly
celebrations in each town of their empire, in which food was given to
the traveling workers who were fulfilling their mandatory labor tax to
the empire. Workers who were especially productive would be recognized
for their service.

Excerpt 1


Excerpt 2
The tenth Inca, Topa Inca Yupanqui . . . was handsome, tall, very
wise, and formal. He was at peace with and friends of the most
important leaders. He liked festivals and banquets. He honored the
important women. He was a great warrior. He hated liars; anyone who
lied he would have killed. He was the one who ordered that all the
royal roads and bridges be kept in good repair. He established the
chasquis. He ordered that there be royal officials, a sheriff, judges,
president, a council of these kingdoms, an imperial official. He had a
counselor, a deputy and protector, a secretary, the Inca’s quipu
interpreter, accountant, a crime official, and he organized other
offices. He spoke with the huacas every year. . . . He started
organizing his property and the community property and the food
storehouses with much order, accounting and quipu officials throughout
the kingdom.
Besides what his father took, he conquered half of Huanuco Allauca,
Chinchaycocha, Tarma, all the mountain regions of Lima; Huno Huaylla,
ten thousand Indians; Conchuco, Cajatambo.
Source: Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala’s book The First New Chronicle and
Good Government, 1615.

Vocabulary
chasquis: running messengers
quipu: knotted strings used to store information
huaca: a sacred space, mountain, or object in Andean culture

Document D: Garcilaso de la Vega, 1609 (Modified)
Garcilaso de la Vega was the son of a noble Inca woman and a Spanish
conquistador. He was born in Cusco in 1539, during the Spanish
conquest of the Inca Empire. He moved to Spain in 1560, when he was
twenty-one, and never returned to Peru. The following is excerpted
from his book The Royal Commentaries of Peru, which he published in
1609, about thirty-five years after the end of conquest of the Inca
Empire.

Though there have been learned Spaniards who have written about the
states of the New World, they have not described these kingdoms as
fully as they might have done. I have noticed this particularly in
things that I have seen written about Peru, about which, as a native
of the city of Cusco, which was formerly the Rome of that empire, I
have fuller and more accurate information than that provided by
previous writers. For this reason, impelled by my natural love for my
native country, I have undertaken the task of writing this book . . .
The Inca kings improved the Ica valley, which, like all these coastal
valleys, became fertile, by building a very fine canal which brought
down a great volume of water from high up in the mountains. In order
to do this they very skillfully reversed the flow of the water, which
had formerly run eastwards and was now made to flow westwards.
Previously the Indians used to suffer greatly from drought in the
maize fields, and many years, when it scarcely rained at all in the
sierra, they lost their crops for lack of water. But now, with the aid
of the canal, they more than doubled the extent of their cultivable
land, and from then on lived in great abundance and prosperity. All
this caused the conquered and unconquered Indians to desire and love
the Inca empire, whose care and attention was, they observed, always
devoted to providing such benefits in the valleys.
Source: The Royal Commentaries of Peru, Garcilaso de la Vega, 1609.

Vocabulary
canal: a constructed waterway
sierra: a long mountain chain
cultivable: able to use for farming

Guiding Questions
Document A: Textbook, 2018
1.
(Close Reading) List some of the words that indicate the Inca
expanded their empire through force.
2.
What are some of the words that indicate the Inca expanded their
empire through ways other than force.
3.
What is the main way the textbook suggests the Inca expanded their
empire? Explain.
Document B: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, 1572
1.
(Sourcing) Who was Pedro Sarmiento deGamboa?
2.
Why did he write this document?
How might his reasons for writing this document have influenced what
he wrote?
3.
(Close reading) According to this account, why did Pachacuti
decide to attack the Ayarmacas?
4.
(Contextualization) Pachacuti lived from 1418 to 1471 or 1472.
Sarmiento wrote this account in 1572. How might this affect the
reliability of his account? Explain.
5.
(Contextualization) In the mid-1500s some Catholic priests
criticized the Spanish government’s treatment of Native Americans.
How might that context have influenced Sarmiento’s account?
6.
(Corroboration) Does this account support or challenge the
textbook’s account? Explain.
Document C: Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, 1615
1.
(Sourcing) Who was Guamán Poma deAyala?
Why did he make this document?
How might his reasons for making this document have influenced his
account?
2.
(Close reading) Describe what you see in the illustration in
Excerpt 1.
How does this illustration of the Inca state’s required labor system
compare to the textbook’s account of the system?
3.
(Close reading) How does Guamán Poma describe Topa Inca Yupanqui
in Excerpt 2?
4.
(Contextualization) Topa Inca Yupanqui lived from 1471 to 1493.
Guamán Poma wrote this account in 1615. How might this affect the
reliability of his account?
5.
(Corroboration) Does this account support or challenge the
textbook’s account? Explain.
Document D: Garcilaso de la Vega, 1609
1.
(Sourcing) Who was Garcilaso de la Vega?
Why did he write this document?
How might his reasons for writing this document have influenced what
he wrote?
2.
(Contextualization) The Inca expanded their empire mostly during
the 15th century. De la Vega wrote this account in 1609. How might
this affect the reliability of his account?
2.
(Corroboration) Does this account support or challenge the
textbook’s account? Explain.

New Textbook Passage: How the Inca Expand Their Empire
Write two paragraphs for a history textbook explaining how the Inca
expanded their empire, using evidence from at least two of the
historical documents (Documents B-D).